OSPF Lab - Understanding all OSPF area types

 Set up the GNS3 lab as follows and configure the basic settings. 

Let's consider the R1 output, here we can see 10.1.2.1/32. It is not advertised with the correct subnet. Therefore we have to change the network type on the loopback interface to advertise it with the correct subnet. 

R1 configuration 

# interface loopback 1 

# ip ospf network point-to-point

Now we can see the 10.1.2.0 subnet is advertising correctly. 

Let's have a look at the R2 routing table.

R2 has directly connected networks and OSPF routes. Noticed R2 has no inter-area routes because R2 is in both areas, acting as ABR.

STUB AREA

Let's make area 2 a stub area. Here we need to configure both R2 and R3. Before doing the configuration, let's have a look at the R2 and R3 routing tables.

The R3 routing table is different. There are inter-area routes, O IA. 

After configuring the STUB area in R3 R3 has a default route pointing towards R2.

A STUB area has not received any external routes. It receives default routes and OSPF inter-area routes.

What advantage of having a default route rather than a more specific route? Router memory and processing are conserved because the router has fewer routes to contend with.

Why do all routers in the OSPF area need to know that the area is STUB? Routers need to know that an area is a stub for consistency. No routes generate LSA type 5. 

TOTALLY STUBBY AREA

We need to configure ABR only.

# area 2 stub no-summary

After configuring the totally stubby area, we can see a single default route from the backbone.

It will remove other routes and have only a default route.

Advantage TOTALLY STUBBY AREA instead of STUB area? Routers in the area only see intra-area routes and a default route. This can save a lot of router memory and processor time. However, if lost any route, it may lose to find the best optimal route.

Why need to configure only ABR other than all routers? ABR is the boundary and ABR passes LSA to others. So, it needs to filter out only LSA type 3 and the default route.

NOT SO STUBBY AREA (NSSA)

NSSA allows routes to be redistributed from an ASBR into that area with a specific LSA type, which gets converted to a normal external route at the ABR.

TOTALLY NSSA

Let's consider the R3 routing table.

R2(config)

# router ospf 1

# area 1 nssa no-summary

Now R3 will have only one default route, other than directly connected routes.

Where is useful to make NSSA? If want to allow an area to inject external routes into an OSPF domain while still retaining some of the stub characteristics of the area such as not accepting external routes that originated in other areas.

If you have doubts, please don't hesitate to comment below.

ASA Firewall Lab - How INSIDE users access the OUTSIDE web server

Create the below network topology in GNS3. If anyone needs assistance creating the LAB, we're happy to share the Lab sim. 

ASA firewall can ping the web server. User1 can ping the ASA firewall inside the interface.

Now, the user1 wants to reach the web server. When the user1 put a ping to the web server’s IP address, it cannot ping.

User1 cannot ping the web server because user1 is in a private IP address range and the web server belongs to a public IP range. Hence we need to do NAT. Here we are going to use static NAT because the web server has to have one specific IP address.

209.165.20.96/29 is the network of the ISP. We use 209.165.20.99 for the web server. Let’s see how to configure those settings to satisfy the requirement.

STEP1: Check the NAT rules

There hasn’t been any NAT rule configured. Let’s configure a NAT here. Click Add > Add ‘Network Object’ NAT rule.

STEP2: Create a NAT rule

# object network Inside_network

# subnet 10.10.10.0 255.255.255.0

# nat static 209.165.20.99

STEP3: Let’s test the NAT rule. 

Go to user1 and put a ping to the web server IP address.

Cannot ping, but when we check through the ASA # show nat, we can see a count?

STEP4: Check ICMP

Here from the show xlate, we can see NAT was working there. The problem is dropping ICMP. We have to check the service policy rule in the firewall.

STEP5: Troubleshooting ICMP

# policy-map global_policy

# class inspection_default

# inspect icmp

STEP6: Ping test to Web Server

Now we are able to ping the web server from user1.

Let’s see what is happening at the ASA.

NAT is happening and able to ping the web server as well.

Lab completed! If you have any doubts, please don't hesitate to comment below.

Cheers!

What is EtherChannel?

Network switches are used to make the network bigger and provide better connectivity throughout the company. When the business is developing there should be involved mission-critical applications and devices to the daily operation. Hence, it needs to have high availability and reliability. In this article, we are going to talk about, how to provide high bandwidth and reliability between switches.

Switch port Aggregation with EtherChannel

The switches can use different types of network cables like Ethernet, Fast Ethernet, and Gigabit. It can provide link speed. Cisco facilitates a technology called EtherChannel. It can enhance the bandwidth of the link by aggregating or bundling parallel links. 

How the link aggregation increases the bandwidth between switches?

Two to eight links can be bundled in the case of Fast Ethernet, Gigabit Ethernet, and 10-Gigabit Ethernet as 10-Gigabit EtherChannel respectively. For an instance, Fast Ethernet can provide a full duplex BW of up to 1600 Mbps (1 Fast Ethernet 100 Mbps, 8 bundles,s and then 16 full-duplex equal to 1600). 

In another word, this is a link to BW expansion as increases the capacity between switches without purchasing additional hardware. Using the same cable, let’s say Fast Ethernet (200 Mbps throughput) can be incrementally expanded up to eight, 1600 Mbps as Fast EtherChannel. If you need more BW, you can use Gigabit Ethernet (2 Gbps through).

Is there a possibility to occur bridging loops and undesirable conditions when bundling?

EtherChannel avoids those conditions by bundling the parallel links to a single, logical link which can act as either an access or trunk link. Here, the end device presented at the end of the link should support EtherChannel for proper operation. 

If you have a 2 Fast Ethernet bundle, you will have 400 Mbps throughput. However, a frame that goes through the Fast EtherChannel doesn’t divide into similar parts and send the frame to another switch or end device. In other words, the load isn’t always distributed equal amount of data through each individual link. This load balancing with discussed later. 

What about the redundancy?

If one link fails, then the traffic is automatically moved to an adjacent link. Failover occurs in less than milliseconds and it is transparent to the end user. If the link is restored, then the traffic will automatically share with active links. 

The initial requirement to bundle the link

EtherChannel supports up to eight links. The same Ethernet media type should use. Some configuration restrictions exist. Hence make sure to use similar configuration links to be bundled. All ports must belong to the same VLAN. If used as a trunk, bundle ports must be in trucking mode. 

Each port has the same speed and duplex setting before being bundled. Bundled ports also must be configured with spanning tree settings.

Distributing traffic in EtherChannel

Traffic will distribute through all the links, but the traffic is not equally balancing through each individual link. Traffic is forwarded through links as per the hashing algorithm. The algorithm can be source/destination IP, or a combination of them, source/destination MAC or TCP/UDP port numbers. The hash algorithm computes and selects a link number to carry each frame. (Many details in the PDF)

EtherChannel Negotiation Protocols

Two protocols are used. Port Aggregation Protocol (PAgP Cisco proprietary) and Link Aggregation Control Protocol (LACP). 

Negotiation	Mode	Negotiation Packets Sent?	Characteristics
PAgP	LACP
On	On	No	All ports channeling
Auto	Passive	Yes	Waits to channel until asked
Desirable	Active	Yes	Actively asks to form a channel

PAgP: Configured in ACTIVE (DESIRABLE) mode, in which the switch actively asks a far-end switch to negotiate an EC, or PASSIVE (AUTO), default mode, in which a switch negotiates EC only if the far end initiates it.

LACP: Ports are selected and become active as per their port priority. 

Top Aerospace Companies in the World

The space race seems to exist between private and public space companies and this competition is doing a great job of speeding up space results and inventions. Companies like SpaceX, Blue Origin, and Nevada Sierra have seized the opportunity to advance space technology to take space exploration to the next level.

The list of private space companies seems to be growing rapidly, with SpaceX currently the world's largest private space company, and NASA already leading the way by securing a number of contracts with other agencies to stay ahead of the space race.

SpaceX

What is the best aerospace company in the world? As we mentioned above, space companies, led by SpaceX, reported $5.8 billion in private investment last year. Private space agencies dominate the list of the world's top space companies in 2020, with SpaceX leading the way. SpaceX is perhaps the most famous space company in the world, aside from NASA, and is currently ranked number 1 on the list of top space companies in the world. This company is also famous for its outstanding founder Elon Musk. Its innovative goal is to reduce the transportation costs of space travel and eventually colonize Mars.

• Started: 2002
• SpaceX Headquarters: Hawthorne, California, USA
• SpaceX's workforce: 8,000
• Products and Services: launch vehicles, rocket engines, Dragon capsules, Starship, Starlink, ASDS landing platforms, Orbital rocket launch

NASA

SpaceX may be the best aerospace company in the world according to this list, but what is the biggest aerospace company in the world? That place belongs to none other than NASA itself. NASA was the first space agency to land a man on the moon, winning the "space race" in 1969 when Neil Armstrong landed on the moon.

The acronym NASA stands for National Aeronautics and Space Administration and is an independent agency of the United States federal government responsible for the civilian space program as well as aeronautical and space research.

• Beginning: 1958
• NASA Headquarters: Washington, D.C., USA
• NASA annual budget estimate: USD 22.69 billion
• Number of employees at NASA: 17,373
• Products and Services: Orbital Launches, Space Exploration, Space Science, Earth Observing System, Heliophysics, Astrophysics

Boeing

The personal space race seems like a marathon right now, with SpaceX, Sierra Nevada, Blue Origin, and now even Boeing joining the race. With its CST-100 Starliner commercial spacecraft, the company became one of the world's largest astronauts in space. Recently, this rocket passed all the safety requirements and tests required to successfully launch the new generation of space explorers. Boeing has been ranked 3rd in the list of top aerospace companies in the world in the year 2020 due to its innovations in space technology and being consistent supplier to many other companies and agencies.

• Beginning: 1916
• Boeing Headquarters: Chicago, Illinois, USA
• Boeing revenue: USD 76.66 billion
• Number of employees at Boeing: 161,133
• Products and Services: Satellites, Space vehicles, and launchers, Military aircraft, Commercial Aircraft

Blue Origin

Like SpaceX, Blue Origin was founded by another notable billionaire. Blue Origin was created by Amazon founder Jeff Bezos. Blue Origin's main goal is to make space travel easier for citizens. Recent successes include moving into the orbital spaceflight technology business in 2014 as a rocket engine supplier, but the company has since planned to build and fly its own orbital launch vehicle.

• Beginning: 2000
• Blue Origins Headquarters: Kent, Washington, USA
• Number of employees at Blue Origins: 2,500
• Products and Services: Space Exploration, Space launch vehicles, Rocket engine development

Sierra Nevada Corporation

Ranked 5th on the list of the world's leading aerospace companies is Sierra Nevada Corporation, a private electronics systems provider and systems integrator specializing in microsatellites, telemedicine, and commercial orbital transportation services. In terms of space technology, SNC is notable for its Dream Chaser, the crewed replacement for the defunct spacecraft. In 2021, SNC will use United Launch Alliance's Vulcan Centaur rocket as the launch rocket for Dream Chaser's cargo configuration.

• Beginning: 1963
• SNC Headquarters: Sparks, Nevada
• Number of employees at SNC: 4,000
• Products and Services:Spacecraft, Telemedicine, Navigation and Guidance, Information Management, Electronic Protection, Cybersecurity

Roscosmos

Roscosmos State Corporation for Space Activities is responsible for space flights and space programs for the Russian Federation. Roscosmos was the first space agency to send a human into extraterrestrial orbit. Today the company is focused on space exploration and construction began on its new headquarters in Moscow at 18 Zavodskaya Street: the National Space Center.

Roscosmos' current space programs include ISS operations, science programs, rocket development projects, spacecraft, and space systems. Roscosmos was ranked 6th in the list of top 10 space companies in the world in 2020 due to many aspects of space technology and its history.

• Started: 1992
• Roscosmos Headquarters: Moscow, Russia
• Products and Services: ISS involvement, Science programs, Rockets, New piloted spacecraft, Space systems, Gecko Mating Experiment

European Space Agency

Ranked 7th in the list of the world's top space companies is the European Space Agency, an intergovernmental organization of 22 member states dedicated to space exploration. ESA, headquartered in Paris, France, employed about 2,200 people in 2020. ESA's space program includes human spaceflight through the International Space Station (ISS). IESA's main programs include unmanned missions to the Moon, Earth exploration and observation, space exploration, and scientific advancement. ESA is working with NASA to manufacture the service module of the Orion spacecraft that will fly in the Space Launch System.

• Beginning: 1975
• ESA Headquarters: Paris, France
• Number of employees at ESA: 2,200

Virgin Galactic

Virgin Galactic is the third company on this list founded by a prominent billionaire. Virgin Galactic is a spaceflight company of the Virgin Group and was founded by Richard Branson, the founder of the Virgin Group. The company's goal was to launch a program to carry people into space by 2009. However, the shortcomings of this project could be seen, and eventually, it ended in an unfortunate disaster in the air. In 2018, Virgin Galactic launched a manned flight into space, traveling 56 miles into the atmosphere. Virgin Galactic is currently one of the top space travel companies in the world.

• Started: 2004
• Virgin Galactic Headquarters: Las Cruces, New Mexico

The Spaceship Company

The Spaceship Company is ranked 9th in the list of top 10 spaceship companies in the world. Virgin Galactic is currently the sole owner of the company and is responsible for manufacturing Virgin Galactic's spacecraft and will also sell the spacecraft to other buyers.

• Started: 2005
• TSC Headquarters: Mojave, California
• Number of employees in TSC: 430
• Products and Services: Spacecraft and aircraft production

Ad Astra Rocket Company

Ad Astra Rocket Company is an American rocket propulsion company dedicated to the development of advanced plasma rocket propulsion technology and is considered the world's largest rocket propulsion company. The company is currently headquartered in Texas, USA.

• Started: 2005
• Ad Astra Rocket Company Headquarters: Texas, USA

Surprising Flat Earth Theories

One of the main flat-earther theories in the world today is that the Earth is a disk with the Arctic Circle at its center and the 150-foot-high ice wall called Antarctica at its center. They further say that NASA employees protect Antarctica to prevent people from crossing this ice wall and falling to the other side of the Earth's crust.

They explain the Earth's day-night cycle: The Sun and the Sun are two spheres 32 miles apart and orbiting 3000 miles above the Earth's disk. These flat-earthers believe that the stars are located 3100 miles above the earth and that they are like spotlights that illuminate the various parts of the earth throughout the 24 feet of the day. They also believe that there is another invisible moon in the sky that covers the moon during lunar eclipses. And, they say, Earth's gravity is an illusion. Objects do not accelerate downward under gravity, and the Earth's disk is driven upward by a mysterious force called dark energy, with an acceleration of 9.8 meters per square second (9.8m/s2). Among today's flat-earthers, there is debate as to whether or not Einstein's theory of relativity explains the constant acceleration of the Earth's disk beyond the speed of light.

Also: flat-earthers believe that the photographs depicting the spherical shape of the Earth are photoshopped. And when pilots fly circular paths above the Earth's disk, they are equipped with GPS devices to make them feel like they are flying around a globe. The reason why world governments hide the true shape of the Earth is not established, but some believe it may be a matter of economics. "In short, because it is far less expensive to fake a space program than to actually run it, governments favor NASA and other space agencies to do so." It is further explained on flat-earther websites.

Easy guide to understand about nanotechnology

Nanotechnology is a topic that we often hear about and see nowadays, but many people do not seem to have a correct understanding of it. It is very important to have a little knowledge of what nanotechnology is and what its uses are.

Before talking about nanotechnology, we need to know the meaning of nano. Nano is the Greek word for the minion. According to science, nano is on a scale of 10-9. That means a very small amount If we present an example to get a clear idea about the nanoscale, the diameter of our hair tree is about 100000 nanometers. Before entering into nanotechnology, we must have some knowledge about the atom. In the past, people believed that matter was indivisible. But later science discovered that matter is made up of atoms.

It was later discovered that these atoms are made up primarily of electrons, protons, and neutrons. Now you will understand that atoms are one of the parts into which matter can be divided. Now let's look at nanotechnology. Nanotechnology is the systematic manipulation of nanoscale particles or atoms to create useful designs. The packing of atoms in the things we encounter in ordinary life does not show a regular pattern. That is, the atoms are irregularly packed with large gaps between them. So, if we can arrange the atoms that are irregularly packed in an orderly manner, we can get a lot of benefits, right? . So nanotechnology is necessary because of this fact. Many creations are taking place in today's world using this nanotechnology.

Thus, by packing atoms and minimizing the empty spaces between atoms, we have been able to make very small devices nowadays. A good example of this is that a computer that was as big as a football field in the early era has now become as small as a mobile phone that can be carried in a pocket.

Dust settles on a certain surface when there are enough empty spaces on that surface to hold dust particles. So, if we can produce them by reducing the empty spaces, the ability to collect dust in them will be reduced. Nanotechnology has made it possible to produce things such as paints, clothes, and shoes that do not collect dust. Another great achievement achieved by nanotechnology is the development of nanorobots. These nano-robots have made great progress in the field of medicine today

This nanotechnology is a technology that is still being developed and there are many opportunities that this can be used for both the good and the bad of society. Therefore, it is man's duty to use it correctly.

Google Pixel orders exceed 8 million

The Google Pixel 7 and 7 Pro phones launched by Google became extremely popular due to their latest technologies and camera  The Nikkei Asia website states that the number of orders received for the two phone models has exceeded 8 million.

Compared to last year's Pixel 6 series, the number of orders received is higher, and by 2023, the sales volume of Pixel 7 will also be very high compared to the previous data, according to Google. And due to the high amount of orders received, Google has informed its suppliers to produce more than 8 million units. For that reason, Google says that the company should double the shipments of Pixel smartphones compared to this year.

The Google Pixel 7 and 7 Pro phones are priced at $599 ($599) and $899 ($899), respectively. While it is lower than the starting price of the Apple iPhone 14, many critics are of the opinion that it has received a large number of orders due to the quality of its features. However, due to high demand and online orders, Google has made arrangements to carry out these orders without any country.

Currently, this model is expected to be released in 17 countries, and we can think that Google phones can become very popular in the phone market by 2023. Before this heat subsides, Google mentions that they will give their users the opportunity to get a professional experience through the upcoming Pixel Tablet. They further mention that they are more concerned about its Features and Specs and mostly it can be very less in price compared to Galaxy Tabs and iPads.

Conspiracies are being implemented to prevent people from knowing that the world is flat

Now the story that the world is flat is getting a lot of publicity these days. Some people say that the reason for this is due to a conspiracy by those in power to temporarily divert attention from the political situation in Sri Lanka and divert people's attention to some other amusing subject. But don't forget. One thing that the flat earth conspiracy theorists have been asking for a long time now is that if the world is really flat, why do they teach that the world is spherical from the syllabus of the schools until common sense that people acquire from childhood. They have an answer for that. The main reason for the majority of people in such a big world to believe that the world is spherical is the conspiracies that are being implemented at the global level to hide that the world is flat! Crazy lame, right?

No, the really crazy lameness starts after asking what the conspiracies are. So, let's take a look at what these so-called flat-world conspiracies are!

01. Photoshop!

Although we started with Photoshop, we are actually going to talk about all the graphic designing tools used in the world. What is the conspiracy related to the fact that the world's tools for graphic designing are flat? Simple. Now, if you ask a small child what such a world is like, the small child will say that it is like a ball. Then there is the solar system, and the worlds and moons in it are spherical. Then why does the little one say that? The reason is that they are taught that way from childhood. Not only that, there are plenty of pictures to show that the world is spherical. There are also many pictures of the solar system. Flat earth theorists say none of those pictures are real. They are all edited. This is part of a big conspiracy to hide the fact that the world is flat. Come on, for that conspiracy, Photoshop, and many other tools have been made to edit those photos!!

02. The Charles Darwin Conspiracy

Now we call Charles Darwin the father of evolution. According to the theory of evolution, it is said that the world's life originates from a mixture called the primordial soup, where the single-celled organisms were born, evolved, and came from the water to land from the first animal. That animal has also evolved and various animals are born. Apes are also a part of it. After that, it is said that man evolved from these monkeys. Now those who say that the theory of evolution is a conspiracy ask, how come humans evolved from monkeys, and monkeys still exist in this world. They ask whether all the monkeys have evolved into humans and whether the monkey should not disappear from this world. Although it is an argument that can be broken very easily, those who believe in the flat earth embrace this conspiracy of evolution wholeheartedly. They say that everyone who talks about the theory of evolution, including Charles Darwin, is part of this great conspiracy!

03. Dark Energy

When you believe that the world is flat, there is nothing to hear that Einstein's theory of time-space continuity is destroyed. Not only that, even the stories about gravity told by Isaac Newton become mere fairy tales. Then these people say, there really is no such thing as gravity. Gravity itself is an imaginary concept. If there is such a thing, why can't we find it, at least prove that it is like this, they ask? These people say that we are actually not thrown from the ground and floating in space but stuck to the ground because of a force called dark energy. So many scientists are telling stories about this gravity because they are hiding it. In other words, gravity itself is a conspiracy story!

04. Aliens

Now there is no one who has not heard about those aliens. We have seen tons of movies and read books about aliens. Not only that but it is also reported that alien beings have been seen in every corner of this world. But despite that, the facts that can say that extraterrestrials exist have not yet been officially reported. That means that any organization that tells us information about space, including NASA, says that they have not found any solid evidence that such extraterrestrial beings exist. But there is a section that believes in this flat earth theory, they are Tom Paschal. These institutions are working to deceive the people of the world by saying that they are actually under the orders of a part above us. On the other hand, even the governments of this world work according to the will of the upper class. And who is on top of that? No one else, we humans in this world are extraterrestrial beings who control everything from the way we think, to the way we live!

05. Why can't you go to Antarctica?

As some flat earth dials say, there's a reason nobody falls off the flat earth. That is, we can say that Antarctica is the world's largest. To explain further, the Arctic Circle is in the middle of the world, and Antarctica is at the bottom of the flat earth. Then Antarctica is not just a piece of land filled with ice. Antarctica is actually a wall of ice that is several kilometers long and about one hundred and fifty feet high. That means no human will fall off this flat earth because of this ice wall. Also, no one could climb this ice wall. Then people have not gone to Antarctica. The reason for that is that NASA is guarding Antarctica and not letting anyone in!

06. Two glass domes above the ground!

This is actually a story that recently went on a YouTube channel about a flat land in Sri Lanka. As the narrator says, the world is flat. Then when you go to the top of the flat world, there is glass about one or two kilometers thick, or a glass dome. Then there is an outer glass dome that is just as thick. Then there is water in the empty space between these two glass domes. When we look at the sky alone, the sky is blue. In other words, what we see as the blue sky is the water flowing between the two glass domes that cover the flat ground! Then who is the one who built the glass dome like that, put water in the middle, and made the ground? According to these people, the people who can be called the creator of this universe have created the world in that way. Tell me, those stories are read at the international level!

07. A planet inside the ice dome

This is also a theory called the International Flat Earth Set, which is made to suit our beliefs and is told on the above-mentioned YouTube channel. As it says, there really is no such thing as a solar system as we know it. In fact, Jupiter, Venus, etc. are all between the two glass domes we mentioned above. That means in the water between the two glass domes. Then how can you put such big planets even in a glass dome space that has a space of many kilometers in Hattilav? Simple. Actually, there is no scene called such planets. Planets are minds that move. There are actually sources of energy. For example, we call Venus a source of energy. Then Mars is also a source of energy. According to the energy from those sources, we have created the subject of astrology!

We talked earlier about why some people still believe that the world is flat. Today, we talked about the conspiracies of the Flat Worlders, which are operating on a global level. Next, let's talk about some simple factors that we can say that the world is not really flat!

Unbelievable reasons, why some people still think that the world is flat

What is our world like now? Is it spherical? Well, not exactly like a sphere. But almost spherical. It is something that has been proven by science and many other factors. But even so, there are many people in this world who still say that there is no dome in the world. According to them, it is an international conspiracy to say that the world is spherical. According to them, the world is really flat like a loaf of bread. Actually, those who believe in this flat world theory have to show evidence to say that the world is flat like a loaf of bread. That's why we thought that the flat earth set that says the world is flat will present some facts to prove the flat world. After examining those facts, you too can say whether the world is really flat or spherical.

01. Past beliefs

One thing that people who say the world is flat point out is that some ancient civilizations said that the world is flat. For example, the Egyptians and Mesopotamians thought the world was like a flat disk, floating in an ocean. They thought so and evidence is found in the drawings on the pyramids and coffins. Then, Greek poets like Homer and Hesiod thought that the world was a disk floating in the ocean. Then, after Socrates, philosophers like Thales and Democritus also thought that the earth is a flat plane. Then the Nordics and Germanic people of the past also accepted the story that the world is like a disc. And China? Ancient Chinese people thought the world was flat and square. So people like you in the past have declared that the world is flat, and today's flat earth people say that the model they thought is correct!

02. Cartesian Skepticism

Cartesian doubt is really a philosophical story. In other words, to systematically raise doubts about something in the world as perceived by the senses, about a certain belief, or about some knowledge. For example, people used to see the sun rising in the east and setting in the west. Then people thought that the sun moves around the world. But we can have doubts about this matter according to some methods and find out whether what we see with our eyes is really true. Now those who believe in flat world theories bring this up as an issue, to say that the earth is not a sphere. They say that the common belief that the world is actually spherical is based on sense sensations or knowledge from someone else. So they raise doubts about it. They ask why the earth can't be a flat disk.

03. When a plane goes

Now those who believe in a flat earth, have an opinion to prove it. Now let's say we are going to another country on a plane. Then, even though the plane is going in the sky, the earth is spherical as you say, so the plane also has to engage in a projectile motion. That means the plane should also travel in a curved line in a certain way. In that case, when a plane goes, those guys ask whether the face of the plane should always be tilted forward. But if we actually look at a plane, even after the plane takes off, it will not tilt forward even a little. It means that the earth is not a sphere, but a plane.

04. If the earth is curved

Now, if the earth is a sphere when we take a sufficient distance, the earth must show some curvature within that distance. Some have conducted tests to find out practically. For example, you can talk about an experiment done by someone to accept the flat earth theory. He tried to do the test by using a canal that stretches for several miles in a continuous, curved way. He thought that the sails of a ship sailing in that canal should gradually disappear if the earth were really curved. But even after going six miles, the ship's sails were not visible. Did you see, that means the earth is not spherical, he said that the earth is flat! Apart from that, if the earth is a sphere, these people ask whether the water in the seas should also be curved.

05. Why don't those on the other side of the ball fall?

One of the stories told by people who talk about the flat earth theory at a somewhat elementary level is that if the world is a ball, shouldn't the people at the bottom fall below the surface of the world? Then they ask if even the water in the rivers and seas located at the bottom of the world should not fall from there. And gravity? When talking about gravity, those who accept the disk world theory say that there is no such thing as gravity.

06. From the sermon of Buddha

This means people who know about the Buddhist flat earth dial and Buddhist sermons also believe that the earth is flat. Their argument is very simple. Now in Buddha's sermons, if not the earth, how is the earth called? What words are used? Words like "Polo Tala", "Mahi Tala" and "Loka Tala" are mentioned in the past sermons of Buddha. Then, according to Buddhists, Buddha is omniscient. That means Buddha knows nothing about this faith. If so, why did the Buddha use words like "Polo Tala", "Mahi Tala" and "Loka Tala" to refer to our world? The reason is simple. Because the earth is flat. The Hindus saw it and Buddha used these words. That is a big factor and say the earth is flat.

07. Out of this world conspiracies

These flat earth dials are another sure shot factor that is used to say that the world is really flat, the conspiracies that those who are involved in the spherical earth conspiracy are doing to say that the earth is spherical. To put it simply, Neil Armstrong never went to the moon. It was a lie that was shot on this ground. Would you believe that even the software called Photoshop was made for this conspiracy? Photoshop is made to edit a thousand and one photos to show that the world is spherical. That means every photo we see that the earth is spherical is a big lie. All those photos were photoshopped and made to look like a ball in the world! We will talk about those conspiracies.

In fact, people who believe in flat-world theories tend to believe a lot of other conspiracy theories. For example, the flat world theorists say that the main reason for hiding from others that the world is flat is because of extraterrestrial beings outside this world. 

When people were tricked into thinking that the world is spherical, it is part of the conspiracy story that those extraterrestrial beings can use and control the people of this world as they want. There are many more conspiracy stories like this that are presented by people who believe in the flat world theory. We will talk about that on a future day. Also, we hope to bring the scientific evidence that proves flat-world theories to be bullshit another day!

How to successfully go to a job related to information technology even after 40 year

Now, if many of us work, there is a career field related to that work. Then, for those of us who are limited to one professional field, it is important to learn more, gain experience, and move up in that professional field in order to move forward in our professional life. That's why, most of us usually try to move up after choosing one career field in our 20s, without changing that career field. Because, otherwise, our professional experience may not be appreciated. For example, if a person who has worked as a nurse for ten years, says that he has just moved to a sales job, his ten years of nursing experience will not count. He has to learn the sales job and work in a junior position. But having said that, we have actually been around for 40 years, which means even after gaining at least 20 years of work experience in a certain field, we can change the field we were working in, enter a different field, and quickly build a successful career. It is a difficult task but not impossible.

Now someone who is changing the career field, why is he changing to a tech field job, or to a field related to information technology, or computer programming? The reason is simple. Currently, information technology is a field that has the highest demand in the world and pays high-level salaries. Sometimes, it is possible to apply the experience of the previous job to do a tech job, and information technology is a field that is diverse.

That's why we thought we'd give some important advice to someone who's thinking of entering a job field related to IT, even if they're 40 years old and don't know anything about IT!

01. Back to school without fear

This is the most important thing. Back to school. Especially if someone who has no education related to information technology wants to enter the tech field from middle age, learning is a must. Because the tech field is a very demanding field that is updated day by day. The first thing to do is decide your path. For example, whether to become a coder or a full-stack developer. It should be decided by thinking about their current abilities and interests. The best thing is to discuss this path with a mature expert in the field of IT.

After deciding on that path, you can make a plan to learn about it. We will tell about it next. The first thing is to not be afraid to learn again. The misconception of some people is that they cannot focus on learning after childhood and youth. It is wrong.

02. Make a study plan

Now we know the path we need to take. What needs to be done now is to acquire the important and essential learnings for that path. If you really want to enter the tech field from middle age, you should choose the path mentioned above and learn the things that are required for that path. To know what those things are, as mentioned above, it is worth getting advice from an expert in the field of information technology. You can also search online. But some practical matters are known only by someone who has been in the field for some time. Now that you know what to study, you can make a study plan. There, we can break down into parts what is the basic knowledge, what is the learning required to go to a job in the next chosen path, then what are the skills needed for that path, and finally what is the most important thing to learn for that path.

Now the basic knowledge of our study plan and what learning and skills are essential for the path should be basic. Because you can learn the most things while working in the field. But when making this study plan, you have to take care of the time. Because, when we change the field in middle age, we cannot subdue five years of study. Therefore, the study plan should be made in such a way that you can learn the first two parts in about a year.

03. Study hard

Now that you have made that study plan and started working, can you get the job done? If there is one thing, it is really possible. That is unrelenting perseverance and determination. This is what we are talking about as a point. That is why many people in this world lack two things. To really get ahead with something, you need more than talent, perseverance, and determination. 

If you have those two, nothing is impossible in this world. So switching to the tech field in middle age is not a joke. A big challenge. But if you can learn things slowly, work according to the study plan and keep a mindset of never giving up in the middle, this is not a difficult challenge.

04. Use old professional experience effectively

Now if we are trying to go for a tech job in middle age, does that mean that everything we have learned for so long is useless? No, don't get me wrong. It is not the situation when we start a job in our twenties, but the situation when we start a job in our forties. We are trying to change the job field with Experience. Then that experience is in the sales and marketing field, for example. That said, those experiences are completely irrelevant when going into the tech field. 

Actually, we can't spend about ten years again from zero to make a place by saying that we came to the tech field in the middle age. But it is not necessary. We are not starting from zero now. Therefore, what needs to be done is to match the professional experience that they have had for so long with the newly entering tech field.

05. Don't make age an issue

This is a matter that should come first. That is, do not make age an issue to choose a new career field for yourself. That means, getting rid of the attitude that I am too old for this kind of thing. But there is also another thing. Accepting one's own age is also important here. It means something like this. Let's take an example. Most of the time now, there is an extremely young generation in the tech field. 

There he will have to work shoulder-to-shoulder with a younger generation. And then, we also try to fit in with the younger generation, and it is not right to go and follow fashions that are not suitable for our age. Remember, what matters is what you do, not your age. But you don't have to accept your age as such.

06. Don't have attitude problems, ego problems

Another problem that can come with the above-mentioned coming-of-age story is attitude problems and ego problems. It means something like this. Let's say that now we have moved to the tech field and got a job. Now, if there is someone of our age in this company, he can be in the highest chairs. We have to work with people much younger than us. Most of the time, our bosses can be people younger than us. Then, it can be an ego problem for us. But that can't happen. We need to understand that when we go to a job, it is education and experience that matters for positions, not age. Therefore, we should avoid creating problems in that regard.

Now if it feels like a big problem, you can work as a freelancer. However, it is worthwhile to work with a company in a new field and gain some experience.

07. Start working small from one place

Now we are equipped with the knowledge, skills, and tools to enter the tech field. Now we have to start somewhere. Usually, in the tech field, it's not about how many degrees someone has. Does that person have the ability, knowledge, and ability to do something? And there, the fact that we haven't done a job in the tech field before can be a problem. Because there must be some experience with the things mentioned above. A good way to do that is to do a project or two that applies what you have learned. It also develops their knowledge. Also, it helps to make a good portfolio to show for a job in the tech field. For example, someone who chooses web designing can create and display a complete website. It doesn't matter if it's free. The important thing is to create something to show with evidence that you can do such a thing. Beyond that, while starting and continuing, you can realize what you can do to move up in this field.

08. Work with the right company

Generally, no company or organization treats its employees differently based on age, gender, or any other matter. They only want people who have the ability, knowledge, and skills to do the job they want. But having said that, in practice, there is a possibility that some companies will not support us 100% when we are going to start a brand new professional life in middle age. Therefore, if we are thinking of working with a company or organization in the short term, it is better to take care of that matter. We can understand that most in the interview itself. Also, it is important to choose a company that makes your age a factor in the remuneration and benefits you get when starting a job in a brand-new field at your age.

09. Build the network

Another thing to think about when moving into the tech field in middle age is to create and develop your network accordingly. Here too, as mentioned above, we don't need to start from zero. Even if we thought of switching to the tech field in our forties, we still have a network within the professional life we ​​have built up until then. So we want to see if that network compares with the tech field. What can happen is that there are contacts in the tech field or in our existing network. It can belong to anyone like our friends, relatives, and relatives. Now what we need to do next is to develop a network in our tech field with those contacts.

10. Keep learning and updating

This is the bottom line. You have to be brave enough to make a very crucial choice like switching to the tech field in middle age, and you have to be someone who is willing to face any challenge. That's not enough, you need to be an up-to-date person to make such a choice. So being an up-to-date person is definitely important for the tech field. So, even after studying and finding a job in the tech field, don't assume that everything is fine. Stay updated. Be aware of the new trends related to the job you are doing in the tech field. Look them up and learn. In particular, keep learning.

Cheers!

Why Is Microsoft Ending Support for Windows 8.1?

If you are using Windows 8.1 as the operating system of a PC or Laptop, it is time to upgrade because Microsoft has already started notifying Windows 8.1 users about the end of this support. As per the many user experiences, when you move to another Windows operating system, it is very easy to adapt to the user interface and get familiar with features even if you used your current operating system for a long time. 

When Is Support for Windows 8.1 Ending? 

Microsoft has announced that the last update for Windows 8.1 will be released on January 10, 2023. As such, Microsoft users should think about how to face the ending support for Windows 8.1 and take action before the announced date. It will help to avoid slowness and performance issues or as an alternative option, you can switch to another operating system such as Linux. 

Why Is Support for Windows 8.1 Ending?

However, since there are already a very small number of Windows 8.1 users, Microsoft is not ready to force this update as before. Previously, even when support for Windows XP and Windows 7 was discontinued, there were a large number of people using those operating systems. But like those operating systems, Windows 8 was not very popular. 

One of the main reasons for that is that the majority of Windows users started using Windows 10 with the free Windows 10 upgrade. And Microsoft has stated that Windows 10 will be supported until the year 2025. Even after the end of support, Windows 8.1 can be used without any problems, but no updates will be received. Everything that is done on the computer is able to continue in the same way.

It's Time for an Upgrade

When considering the XP and windows 7, there wasn't a big difference. When moving to windows 10 from XP makes sense. However, even non-IT people, easily adapt to the user interface because the color matching and working are the same for every operating system Microsoft launched so far. Ending the support is not meant you cannot use Windows 8.1. We will share more details with you throughout this article. Read to the end and put your comment on how you feel about the change.

Microsoft also reported that the store will be closed in July 2023. We are encouraging you to upgrade your Windows operating system to mitigate security vulnerabilities and avoid performance issues.

Cheers!