How to focus objects in mobile phone camera - II

Now trying to go a little deeper. Before that, I have to say these are a little hard to really describe. Lots of misunderstandings. Because the crystal is not as beautiful as we can see. I will try to explain it as simply as possible. Those who invented these technologies really deserve respect. Before going forward, please read our part-1 'How to focus objects in mobile phone camera' article.

  

CDAF - Contrast-Detection Auto Focus

This process involves moving the camera lens around and selecting the right position until an object visible to the camera reaches the maximum intensity (Crisp / Clear) that the camera sensor receives. This means that the sensor determines that what we want to take the photo is clear and focuses there. This is a Trial & Error process. From the CCD section mentioned in the previous article, the camera processes all the data coming to the camera at that time using its algorithms.

Trial and Error. Trying to be right. In other words, when we do manual focusing on a DSLR camera, we shoot and trial a few photos and test them one by one to see which focus range is best. That's how he does that part for us from the inside of the camera. 'I do not take photos but I try some frames and find the right focus'. Again, this method uses the highest intensity.

Advantages of CDAF

• This method does not require any other hardware other than the camera. What is needed is a good algorithm. As the quality of the algorithm used by the camera maker increases, so does the quality of the photos. 
  

• This method usually gives a good clear picture. CDAF can provide a very clear photo if it is focused exactly

Disadvantages

• CDAF is a very slow mechanism. The reason for this is the use of the Trial & Error methodology. This mechanism takes about a second to focus on a photo. If the photograph you are trying to capture is a moving object, there is a good chance that what you want will not be there when you focus. 
  

• This mechanism cannot function in semi-darkness or without light. Light is a mandatory factor because the focus of an object depends on the intensity relative to it. But if you have a flash on your cell phone, you can get some level of support from it. But it is not as successful as natural light.

• The CDAF mechanism cannot hold the focus on moving objects. This is because, as I said before, the Trial & Error methodology does not allow it to continue to focus on something that is moving. Therefore, it is very difficult to make a good video recording with a camera that uses CDAF.

PDAF - Phase-Detection Auto Focus

This is a bit of a complicated but fast process. This works by using a phase-detection photodiode attached to the camera sensor. This photodiode converts the light received by the camera into an electrical signal (Light into an electric current). In this PDAF mechanism, a sample of 10% or less of the pixel data of the image received by the camera sensor is taken to the photodiode mentioned earlier. The resulting pixel sample data is collected in a scattered manner on the sensor.

The photodiode then separates the data from the right and left of the camera lens. This process is similar to the process by which our brain creates a single image from two images received by our right eye and left eye. Then this data and light locations are processed by an algorithm related to the photodiode and the position of the focus in the relevant region (Phase) is confirmed to be correct. If that focus is not right, the previous data will be used to adjust the camera lens to the correct position. Then the camera will get the correct focus. A trial & error story is therefore not needed here. The process is thought to be very long but it takes only a fraction of a second for it to work.

Advantages of PDAF

• This method is very fast. It takes about 0.3 seconds. It can be activated three times faster than a CDAF. 
  

• A moving object can be easily photographed through this. Also, when recording a video, you can continue to focus on the object (Continues Focus).
  

Disadvantages

• Like CDAF, PDAFs are difficult to operate in semi-dark or light. Even in this method, light is a mandatory factor and the process is not correct. If you have a flasher you can get help. 
  

• This is a slightly more expensive mechanism. A few years ago, a camera with PDAF was only available on high-end flagship phones. But now that size has been put aside and dropped a bit. However, PDAF is not yet seen in most budget ranges of mobile phones.

Dual Pixel Auto Focus (Dual Pixel PDAF)

An improvement on the PDAF mechanism itself, is the dual pixel PDAF mechanism itself. In this case, we use two instead of the photodiode we talked about earlier. Also, instead of the> 10% pixel sample used in PDAF, almost all the pixels received by the sensor are given to the two photodiodes. This allows the camera to capture faster, more accurate photos or frames. Here, using two photodiodes, each pixel data is used in two ways. One is to get the data in the photo as well as set the correct focus position. Therefore, the efficiency of taking a photograph increases with productivity.

The pros and cons are no different than PDAF. But because the resources used are more and more expensive, mobile phones with dual pixel PDAF are not cheap either. The story about Focus is not over yet. Today's article is longer than the previous article. Tried to explain quite a bit. If there is something you do not understand, please don't hesitate to comment.

Cheers! 

How to focus objects in mobile phone camera - I

If you have a DSLR camera, you can adjust the focus by rotating the lens. Even in the auto mode functionality, the adjustment can be seen by the naked eye. Today we are going to find out how the mobile phone camera mechanism takes place to adjust the lens to capture objects. Basically, several technologies can be used to find the focus of a mobile phone camera. Each cell phone uses a different technology. You can see that some mobile phones use two or more technologies.

We can categorize these options into different technologies. Let's see what are the focus types within these three categories separately.

• Passive Auto Focus
• CDAF - Contrast-Detection Auto Focus
• PDAF - Phase-Detection Auto Focus
• Dual Pixel Auto Focus (aka Dual Pixel PDAF)

•  Active Auto Focus - Laser Auto Focus 
  

•  Hybrid Auto Focus - Focus types using two or more of the above mechanisms (Eg: PDAF+Laser AF) 

Let's see, what are Passive Focus and Active Focus.

Passive focus is the process by which a stream of light from an outside object passes through the camera lens and is set to focus on the distance and light intensity of an object by an algorithm provided by the CCD (Charged Coupled Device) on the camera sensor. A part of the camera sensor detects the location and distance of an object and adjusts the lens. For a passive focus to function properly, it must have both the light and the object contrast (Lighting condition and Contrast) relative to other objects. Then it is certain that a Passive Auto Focus does not happen in the dark. So how exactly do you focus in the dark? That's when the Active Focus Mechanism emerges.

Before we talk about Active Focus, we need to talk about Sonar Beam. Ever wondered how the shapes of seabed objects (like sunken ships) know the distance? What happens is that ships or submarines send a sonar beam, which is a very sensitive range of sound, to the seabed. The distance to the object is determined by calculating how long it took for the beam to collide with the object and reflect back. This process has been developed to the extent that the shape of the relevant objects can be identified. Sonar radar systems operate on this principle. This is very easy to understand if you understand how an ultrasonic sensor commonly used in Arduino works.

Off the topic: Dolphins, considered to be the most intelligent species in the world, use this sonar beam to communicate with their species many miles away. Even today, scientists do not know how to do that. Turning to the Activate Focus again, it simply means that the technology works in the same way as the Sonar Beam or Ultrasonic mentioned above. The difference is that it uses a laser beam. The device emits a laser beam and adjusts the focal length by calculating the time it will take to hit the object and recover. That means an Activate Focus works even in a dark place. Having light is not a mandatory factor. Then you will understand by now why Active = Active and Passive = Passive as I said earlier. 

The rest is just one category. Hybrid, or Hybrid Focus Mechanism. This is very simple to say. Using two or more Activate and Passive Focus Mechanisms to adjust the Focus Length is called a Hybrid Focus Mechanism. Easy to say but a very complex process takes place here. We will talk about that in the next section. 

Usually, when we say hybrid, the first thing that comes to mind is a car that runs on both liquid fuel and electricity. But the word hybrid literally means hybrid. This means that any process that combines two types of technologies in any science can be called a hybrid, any process that enhances efficiency and productivity. Hybrid Autofocus Mechanism is one of the hybrid processes that is working in zoology, botany, automotive technology, and camera parts.

In this hybrid category, two Passive focus mechanisms (Mechanism) or two Passive Active mechanisms can be used to find the exact focus.

• Passive + Passive = PDAF + CDAF 
• Passive + Activate = PDAF + Laser AF
  

There are two ways to create a Hybrid Focus. You can usually find a Hybrid Focus Mechanism in the High-End mobile phone with the flagship category or close to it. 

Visit this link to read more > Part II

Cheers!

Samsung expects to launch networks with 6G technology by 2028

You may know that Huawei had begun testing 6G technology. Samsung, a well-known South Korean technology giant, hopes to launch the next generation of communication technologies, 6G technology, sooner than expected. Samsung says it will launch in 2028 and expand globally by 2030. A report released by Samsung entitled "The Next Hyper-Connected Experience for All" details the expansion of the 6G network.

 

However, Samsung has said it will focus on the 6G network in a context where even the 5G network has not yet expanded globally, as it usually takes at least 10 years for a network to research and develop and expand, with no plans to delay its launch. That there is no reason. Sunghyun Choi, head of Samsung's Advanced Communications Research Center, said the decision to start work on the 6G network was based on that fact. It took tech companies 15 years to switch from 2G networks to 3G and the world has been able to upgrade to 5G within 8 years.

With Samsung's latest revelation, the world will shift from 5G technology to 6G within this decade, with 6G expected to deliver speeds of around 1,000GB per second. It is said that with 6G, the air latency will be less than 100 milliseconds and the 6G network will be 50 times faster than the 5G network. It is also expected that AI technologies will grow with the 6G network, and it is expected that high-speed 6G will be available by 2030.

The most important 8 tips you need to know before buying an external hard drive

Conventionally, from the time we commenced utilizing computers we had the urge to transfer data from one computer to another. Such transfers can be musical compositions, games, movies, software, or can be variants of files. In that era, we had no method to do transfer sizably voluminous files and the only thing that was done to transfer, we rip the hard drive out of our machine and connect it to a friend's computer as a slave disk. Then the data had been directly replicated from one hard and paste to the other one. fi

As the technologies got developed, then came the facility to burn CDs. pen drive additionally came to the market. Nowadays, pen drives, as well as external hard drives, are the most popular method regards data transferring from one computer to another. Especially many people consider that an external hard drive or cloud storage is more facile than burning a DVD to preserve the data they operate. Here, my opinion is to utilize an external hard drive due to its simplicity of use and security. Let's consider if you are willing to buy an external hard drive, what are the things you should know before buying it? 

What is the size?

Many people think that size is important. Here, the size means the capacity of the hard drive and it depends on the requirement. The smallest size is most commonly seen in the market as 1 TB in size. However, if you want you can find from even a small size external hard drive like 500 GB to a large capacity like 8 TB. But if you want to choose the size, you need to think about why you require this external hard drive. 

For example, photographers, videographers, and graphic designers may need a marginally more sizably voluminous external hard drive. For those who do not have the data that they conventionally need to preserve for years, a small size external hard drive is totally enough. In another word, those who request films from friends and delete them after watching them, small capacity drive suits that kind of users. Thus, you can choose the size of the external hard drive according to your desiderata.

Speed?

After you decided about the size of the hard drive, this is the point to consider. The speed of an external hard drive is genuinely consequential nowadays. Data copying and transferring via SSD is more expeditious than an HDD. We will discuss that later. Generally, when talking about an external hard drive, you should consider the USB version of it. The USB 3.0 is faster than a USB 2.0 external hard drive. 

However, if you connect 3.0 USB to an old PC, it won't give the best speed because older version USB ports are not supported for the 3.0 USB version. But the good news is any external hard drive now works with an old USB port, so there is no such thing as an old machine if your purpose is to copy data although the maximum transmission speed is not obtained.

SSD or HDD?

This is also a problem that many people have when choosing an external hard drive. What are these letters? HDD stands for Hard Disk Drive. These are more traditional, older technology hard drives. Then SSD stands for Solid State Drive. These are the fastest hard drives made with the latest technology. So which of these do you choose? There are both good and bad between HDD and SSD. Both HHD and SSD can provide the memory capacities we mentioned above. But as the capacity of HDD increases, its physical size also increases a bit. The speed of an SSD is high and technologically advanced. SSDs are more secure if they can be damaged quickly. But HDD external hard drives are still the cheapest in terms of price.

Portable?

This also applies to the needs of each individual. Normally if the external hard drive does not go beyond the table then there is nothing to worry about the size. This size refers to how physically large the external hard drive is. But if the external hard drive is constantly moving around, a small handy one is a good fit. But a physically smaller size external hard drive can be a little more expensive than normal sizes.

Resistant?

This also applies to an external hard drive that is often used for mobile use. There is no way that an external hard drive on a desk can be so dangerous. But there are also external hard drives on the market that are designed for both mobile and rugged use that we often see. This external hard drive is often covered with a rubber outer casing. If they are small in size, they are sturdy. But it's worth using an external hard drive that will not break even if hit by a rock.

Security?

This is important not for someone looking for an external hard drive to save their films and songs. Those who have more sensitive data stored on their external hard drive will have to look for an external hard drive with more security features. Usually, you can put encryption on any external hard drive. It is even facilitated by those operating systems. But if you want security beyond that, you should choose external hardware with hardware encryption. There are such things too. But the prices are so high.

How about prices?

In fact, our budget also affects the choice of an external hard drive. Now when you think about the prices of external hardware, most of the time the price varies with the capacity of the hard drive. And also the speed of the hard drive, version, technology, and the brand name of the hard drive affects the price fluctuation. These prices can go up or down with the country's taxes. Also, there are times when prices go down significantly when buying from its manufacturing country.

The external hard drive from the enclosure?

Besides, there is something more to say. Now sometimes those houses have old non-working computers and laptops. They may not work, but most of the time the hard disk still needs to work. Usually, the hard disks of those machines are quite durable. If you have such a hard drive, you can make it an external hard drive. How? Buy a hard disk enclosure from a computer store. Usually, the hard disk enclosure should be the size of the internal hard drive we have.

Bonus: After looking at it all, you finally need to choose a good place to get an external hard drive. Then think about the warranty they give. If you buy from a small shop, it is advisable to get an agent warranty. 

Cheers!

Redmi Note 11/S Quad Rear Cameras Launched

The Redmi Note 11, the latest line of smartphones from Redmi, a subsidiary of Xiaomi, was officially launched in India on Wednesday (February 9). The Redmi Note 11 and Redmi Note 11S, the two flagship phones launched in this way, have very similar features. Redmi has also been able to design these phones to challenge the giants in the smartphone industry.

Redmi Note 11

Featuring a 6.43-inch full-HD AMOLED dot display, the Note 11 has a refresh rate of up to 90Hz with a 20: 9 aspect ratio. Powered by an octa-core Qualcomm Snapdragon 680 SoC, the phone runs the latest MIUI 13 with Android 11 as the OS. Powered by up to 6GB of LPDDR4X RAM, the phone comes with an Onboard 128GB of storage and the option to expand the storage up to 1TB via a microSD card.

Featuring a quad rear camera setup, the phone comes with a 1.8 Aperture, a 50-megapixel primary lens, an 8-megapixel ultra-wide secondary lens, a 2-megapixel macro lens for close-up shots, and a 2-megapixel depth sensor. . It also has a 13-megapixel selfie camera with a 2.4 aperture. As a budget range phone, this phone only works up to 4G LTE. Connectivity options include Wi-Fi 802.11ac, Bluetooth v5.0, GPS / A-GPS, Infrared (IR) blaster, USB Type-C, and a 3.5mm headphone jack.

Featuring a wide range of features including an Accelerometer, Ambient Light Sensor, Gyroscope, Magnetometer, and Proximity Sensor, the phone is powered by a 5000mAh battery that supports Pro fast-charging up to 33W.

• Redmi Note 11 with 4GB RAM + 64GB = ₹ 13,499
• Redmi Note 11 with 6GB + 64GB = ₹ 14,499
• Redmi Note 11 with 6GB + 128GB = ₹ 15,999

Redmi Note 11S

Much similar to the Redmi Note 11, the Redmi Note 11S comes with a 6.43-inch full-HD AMOLED dot display and a refresh rate of up to 90Hz. Powered by an octa-core MediaTek Helio G96 SoC, the phone runs the latest MIUI 13 with Android 11. Powered by up to 8GB of LPDDR4X RAM, the phone comes with an Onboard 128GB of storage and the option to expand the storage up to 1TB via a microSD card.

Featuring a quad rear camera setup, the phone comes with a 1.9 aperture, a 5 108-megapixel primary lens, an 8-megapixel ultra-wide secondary lens, a 2-megapixel macro lens for close-up shots, and a 2-megapixel depth sensor. has. It also has a 16-megapixel selfie camera with a 2.4 aperture. Also, all the features of the Redmi Note 11S model including all the connectivity options are similar to the Redmi Note 11 model.

Redmi Note 11S with 6GB + 64GB = ₹ 16,499

Redmi Note 11S with 6GB + 128GB = ₹ 17,499

Redmi Note 11S with 8GB + 128GB = ₹ 18,499

You can use the NDTV.com website and the GSM Arena website to learn more about this.

What happens if The International Space Station crash into Earth

NASA says the International Space Station (ISS) will remain in use until 2030 and then crash into the Pacific Ocean in early 2031. The U.S. space agency said in a report a few weeks ago that the ISS would crash into known as a 'Point Nemo' in the Pacific. This is the farthest ocean area on Earth from an island and it is also known as the 'Space Cemetery'. Many ancient satellites and other space debris have crashed into the site, including the Russian space center Mir, which crashed in 2001. NASA also said that in the future, space operations near the Earth will be piloted by the Commerce Division.

The International Space Station (ISS), a joint venture between five space agencies, has been in orbit since 1998 and has had a crew member since 2000. More than 3,000 experiments have been performed at its microgravity laboratory. However, it has only been approved for implementation until 2024. If the active period is extended, it must take place with the consent of all stakeholders. NASA said the plan to retire the ISS marks the transition to the commercialization of activity in Earth's lower orbit - that is, in space closest to Earth. "With the support of NASA, the private sector has the technical and financial capability to develop and activate commercial destinations in Earth orbit," said Phil McAllister, Director of Commercial Aerospace at NASA's Headquarters.

In 2020, NASA awarded a contract to Axiom Space, a space company based in the US state of Texas, to install at least one habitable module for the International Space Station. NASA has also funded three other companies to design layouts for space stations and other commercial destinations that could be located in Earth orbit. These new projects are expected to be at least partially or fully operational before the ISS retires. NASA says it wants to create "America's largest commercial economy in low Earth orbit.

The commercial sector is still an important component of the U.S. space program, and private companies are responsible for transporting the personnel and cargo involved. Russia's Soyuz and Progress spacecraft are also used. According to NASA, the transfer of activity from Earth's lower orbit to the private sector will result in c. $ 1.3 billion could be saved, and that money could be used to explore deep space. After this shift, NASA hopes to make such savings as it will be able to spend money only on the services it needs instead of maintaining and actively maintaining the ISS.

NASA says it analyzes the ISS's budget annually and further clarifies its savings estimates. NASA released the transit report last week after US President Joe Biden's administration announced that it was committed to extending the space center's operations until 2030. However, the extension will require the support of international stakeholders, including Russia, and currently, the US Congress has only approved funding for the ISS until 2024. In an interview with the Russian news agency Interfax in December 2021, Dmitry Rogosin, head of the Russian space program, indicated his willingness to work with NASA beyond 2024. "Action is more than words," he said. "This year we sent a new laboratory module to the ISS. It's been working well for at least 10 years." The head of Roscosmos also accused the US sanctions imposed on Russia of harming the Russian space industry. He has previously stated that Russia will withdraw from the ISS project if the US does not lift sanctions. The United States and its allies in the West have vowed to impose more sanctions on Russia if it invades Ukraine, but it is not yet clear what the sanctions will be. 

Russia has previously said the ISS will not be able to operate beyond 2030 due to structural delays, and warned that the use of outdated equipment could lead to "irreversible" breakdowns.

How to unlock your phone while wearing a face mask

Apple released the iOS 15 update for iPhone users last year. As usual, Apple has been releasing small updates for a few months. Apple has released the first beta release of iOS 15.4 for beta users, and XDA - Developers website reports that it includes some special features requested by Apple users. One of the most exciting new features that came with it was the Universal Control feature, which lets you install iOS / iPadOS 15.4 on an iPad and update your Mac to the latest macOS 12 beta release, allowing the mouse and keyboard on one device to control another device.

Also, one of the highlights of this update is the new feature called "Face ID with a Mask" which allows you to unlock your iPhone even if you are wearing a face mask. So far when you try to unlock your iPhone wearing a face mask, you know from experience that the system does not recognize your face correctly, but as a solution, if you are wearing an Apple Watch, Apple has given you the ability to unlock phones. You may remember that. So this new feature introduced by iOS 15.4 will be more effective than that option, which will allow you to easily unlock your iPhone even when you are wearing a face mask.

According to reports from the Mac rumors website, the iOS 15.4 update will also feature several new emojis, including emojis such as "melting face", "saluting face", "peeking eye" and "dotted line face". Will be reported. If you update your Apple phone to a new iOS version, please comment on us by using these new emojis. 

There is no official word yet on when iOS 15.4 will be available to everyone, but according to a recent beta release, it's possible that every iOS user will receive the iOS 15.4 updates in a few weeks. You can use the XDA-Developers website, 9to5mac website, and Mac rumors website to learn more about this.

Cheers!